The Geology of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon by Howell Williams 1942

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The Geology of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon
With a reconnaissance of the Cascade Range southward to Mount Shasta by Howell Williams, 1942

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01 Abstract

02 Introduction

03 Introduction – Suggested Excursions

04 Introduction – Acknowledgments

05 Discovery and Early Exploration

06 The Foundations of Mount Mazama – The Pre-Cretaceous Bedrocks

07 The Foundations of Mount Mazama – Eocene Formations

08 The Western Cascade Volcanic Series

09 The Western Cascade Volcanic Series – Age of the Western Cascade Series

10 The Western Cascade Volcanic Series- Rocks of the Western Cascade Series

11 The Western Cascade Volcanic Series – Climate and Flora

12 Intrusions and Volcanic Necks in the Western Cascades

13 Earth Movements of the Close of the Miocene

14 The High Cascades Between Mounts Shasta and Mazama

15 The High Cascades Between Mounts Shasta and Mazama – The Volcanic Cones

16 The lntracanyon and Associated Fissure Flows

17 The Union Peak Volcano

18 The Union Peak Volcano – Limits of the Volcano

19 The Union Peak Volcano – The Main Shield

20 The Union Peak Volcano – Parasitic Cinder Cones

21 The Union Peak Volcano – The Summit Cone

22 The Union Peak Volcano – The Summit Plug

23 Other Pre-Mazama Lava Within the Park

24 The Structural Setting of Mount Mazama

25 Nature of the Floor and Size of the Cone

26 Building of the Main Andesite Cone

27 Nature of the Lavas

28 Interbedded Andesitic Pyroclastic Rocks

29 The Main Andesite Cone of Mount Mazama – Solfataric Areas and Vents

30 The Main Andesite Cone of Mount Mazama – Dikes

31 Dacite Dikes

32 Andesite Dikes

33 ?Mount Scott

37 Inter-andesitic Dacite Pumice on the Caldera Wall

34 The Earlier Dacite Eruptions

38 The Northern Arc of Vents

35 The Southern Dacite Flows and Domes

39 The Watchman Dike and Flow

36 The Eastern Cluster of Domes and Flows

40 The Hillman Cone

41 The Sentinel Rock Flow and Vent

42 The Dacite Flow of Llao Rock

43 The Grouse Hill Dome and Flow

44 The Cleetwood Flow

45 Dacites of Redcloud and Cloudcap

46 The Parasitic Scoria Cones of Mount Mazama

47 The Older Cones

48 The Younger Cones

49 The Younger Cones – Bald Crater

50 The Younger Cones – Desert Cone

51 The Younger Cones – Red Cone

52 The Younger Cones – Forgotten Crater

53 The Younger Cones – Crater Peak

54 The Younger Cones – Diller Cone

55 The Younger Cones – Southeast Comer Cone

56 The Younger Cones – Cavern Creek Cone

57 The Younger Cones – The Pumice Flat Cones

58 The Younger Cones – Cones outside the Park

59 Timber Crater

60 The Wineglass Welded Tuff and Associated Pumice

61 The Formation of Mount Mazama Just before Its Destruction

62 The Climax: Culminating Explosions of Pumice and Scoria

63 The Main Pumice Fall – Distribution and Thickness

64 The Main Pumice Fall – Lithology of the Main Pumice Fall

65 The Main Pumice Fall – Volume of the Pumice Fall and Its Magma Equivalent

66 The Climax: Relation of the Pumice Fall to the Pumice Flows

67 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows

68 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – Distribution

69 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – The Lack of Sorting

70 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – The Paucity of Stratification

71 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – Abundance of Charred Logs

72 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – Double Character of the Deposits

73 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – Content of Lithic Fragments

74 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – Erosive Action of the Flows

75 The Glowing Avalanches: Pumice and Scoria Flows – “Fossil Fumaroles”

76 The Annie Creek Flows

77 The Sun Creek Flows

78 The Sand Creek Flows

79 The Rogue River Flows

80 The Castle Creek Flows

81 Other Flows down the West Slope of Mazama

82 Flows down the North Slope

83 Flows down the East Slope

84 Volume of the Pumice-Scoria Flows

85 The Last Weak Explosions

86 Total Volume of Material Erupted During the Culminating Activity of Mount Mazama

87 The Origin of the Caldera

88 How Much of Mount Mazama has Disappeared?

89 Diller’s Collapse Theory

90 Smith and Swartzlow’s Explosion Theory

91 The Origin of the Caldera – A Preferred Theory

92 Comparison of Crater Lake with Other Caldera

93 The Caldera Floor

94 The Age of Crater Lake

95 The Relation of Ancient Man to Crater Lake

96 Post-caldera Eruptions

97 Post-caldera Eruptions – Wizard Island

98 The Glaciation of Mount Mazama

99 Evidences of Early Glaciation on the Caldera Walls

100 Evidences of Early Glaciation on the Caldera Walls – Cloudcap Bay

101 The Northeast Wall, from Grotto Cove to Cleetwood Cove

102 Cleetwood Cove to Pumice Point

103 Evidences of Early Glaciation on the Caldera Walls – Steel Bay

104 Evidences of Early Glaciation on the Caldera Walls – Llao Rock

105 West Wall of the Caldera, from Llao Rock to Eagle Cove

106 South Wall of the Caldera, from Eagle Cove to Kerr Notch

107 Danger Bay and Sentinel Rock

108 Direction of Glacial Striae on the Caldera Walls

109 Summary of Glacial Evidences on the Caldera Walls

110 Evidence of Glaciation Outside the Caldera

111 The Munson Valley or Annie Creek Glacier

112 The Sun Creek Glacier

113 The Kerr Valley Glacier

114 Glaciers of Mount Scott

115 The Bear Creek Glacier

116 Glaciers on the North Slope of Mazama

117 Glaciers on the West Slope of Mazama

118 The Castle Creek Glacier

119 The Rogue River Glacier

120 The Union Peak Glaciers

12 Changes of Water Level in Crater Lake

122 Microscopic Petrography – Lavas of the Union Peak Volcano

123 Microscopic Petrography – Lavas of the Union Peak Volcano – Lavas of the Main Cone

124 Microscopic Petrography – Lavas of the Union Peak Volcano – Intrusions near Bald Top

125 Microscopic Petrography – Lavas of the Union Peak Volcano – The Micronorite Plug of the Union Peak Volcano

126 Microscopic Petrography – Pre-Mazama Lavas in the Northwest Corner of the Park

127 Microscopic Petrography – Andesites of Mount Mazama and Scott

128 Andesites of Mount Mazama and Scott – Basic Inclusions in the Andesites

129 Andesites of Mount Mazama and Scott – Andesites of the Hillman Vent

130 Andesites of Mount Mazama and Scott – Andesites of the Phantom Vent and Cone

131 Andesites of Mount Mazama and Scott – Alterations of the Mazama Andesites

132 Microscopic Petrography – The Southern Dacite Flows and Domes

133 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows

134 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows – The Llao Dacite

135 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows – The Grouse Hill Dacite

136 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows – The Cleetwood Dacite

137 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows – The Redcloud Dacite

138 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows – Dacites of Cloudcap and Scott Bluffs

139 Microscopic Petrography – The Younger Dacite Flows – Dacites of Anderson Bluffs

140 Microscopic Petrography – Domes and Flows East of Mount Scott

141 Microscopic Petrography – Welded Dacite Tuffs (Ignimbrites)

142 Microscopic Petrography – Timber Crater Lavas

143 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows

144 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Crater Peak

145 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Diller Cone

146 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Cones Bordering Pumice Flat

147 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Desert Cone and Bald Crater

148 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Red Cone

149 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Forgotten Crater

150 Microscopic Petrography – Cinder Cones and Associated Flows – Wizard Island

151 Microscopic Petrography – Dacite Dikes

152 Microscopic Petrography – Andesite Dikes

153 Microscopic Petrography – Pumice and Scoria of the Climactic Eruptions – Dacite Pumice

154 Microscopic Petrography – Pumice and Scoria of the Climactic Eruptions – Basic Scoria

155 Analyses

156 Petrology

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