C. Monitoring Options:
1) Measure water and air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, water level, flow and discharge rates, ozone levels, and UVB radiation flux and attenuation;
2) Quantify trends of wave action, upwelling, and nearshore currents; and measure for change beyond normal statistical variation;
3) Quantify the timing, depth, and duration of snow pack; and the timing and extent of snow melt;
4) Identify and quantify ice sources and intermittent ephemeral ponds (LABE);
5) Determine extent of ice sources and measure ice-levels, evaporation rates, concentrations of total carbonates and calcite solubility (LABE and ORCA);
6) Quantify the timing, longevity and physical characteristics of intermittent ephemeral ponds (LABE).
3. Land and non-recreational human use impacts (subcategories to which indicators apply are in brackets; see Tables 21– 24 for list of subcategories):
A. Monitoring question: How do land use activities (past, present and within and outside of Klamath Network park units) affect park unit aquatic resources; and how do these activities impact resource condition, quality, and ecosystem dynamics?
B. Indicators of stress:
1) Change in sedimentation/siltation and turbidity [A, B, D, F, H, I];
2) Changes in the distributions and composition of aquatic biota [A, D, E, H, I, L];
3) Disturbance (e.g., trampling, rutting, erosion) of stream banks and channels, pond and lake shorelines and wetted areas [A, N, O];
4) Presence of and/or change in the concentrations of hydrocarbons and other motor vehicle derived contaminants [A, B, N];
5) Change in water temperature and dissolved oxygen level [B, F, I, L];
6) Change in channel morphology (e.g., bank and channel erosion), as well as flow and discharge rates [B, H, I, L];
7) Presence of and/or change in the concentrations of heavy metals and other contaminants (e.g., herbicides, pesticides, dioxin) [B, C, G, I, J];
8) Disruption of native anadromous salmonid passage [D];
9) Change in nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) and primary productivity [B, E, F, I];
10) Presence of and/or change in bacterial indicators of fecal contamination, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium [E, O];
11) Change in the depth and quantity of groundwater [J];
12) Presence of and/or change in the abundance of light-adapted biota as well as contaminants such as hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite in caves [K];
13) Presence of and/or change in the amount of litter and garbage at or near resource sites [M].
